913
www.klinickafarmakologie.cz340804001076513320121425327329234035839843647950254457164568672477179183988990895196610061045
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Klin272480400107446583131
Farmakol2871804001074278105179220258305325
Farm.3212804001074178104179195
2026;40(2):108-1113423804001074487128170185229275299342364379416455500529567602636
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KLINICKÁ4182804001074488109168189242288346
FARMAKOLOGIE4546804001074191138210265311372414474533554597
A51618040010753
FARMACIE5231804001074291138211265317337380
10956558020012657111170
HLAVNÍ4945200012671127198263336370
TÉMA5337200012657114204274
Environmental404636001063071110127162203245299330372404440471
sustainability453336001063171103136172189231270306324355373405444
in499336001061556
clinical50653600106326481122140174216247
research532836001063365100131173208243284
a343620010943
key41062001094388131
target56562001093075106157204235
which824620010966118140181232
the108062001093081128
sustainability123262001093585122154199221272316369391413435466512
strategies1769620010935679714217321934376001095072119156
should52076001093586137188210263
focus80376001092777120170207
on1031760010949100
(1–4).115276001092669112163187205
Recent48390001094997139185237267
estimates77790001094683115137214259289335372
further117690001092779109143194241272
illuminate14759000109214365116194216267312343389
the189090001093082129
magnitude3431040010975119170220241271321372418
of778104001094976
this871104001092979100136
challenge.1024104001094090133155176222272323369387
If1428104001092249
the1494104001092979125
„mortality16361040010932108158188221265286308338383
cost343118001094087122152
of510118001094874
carbon“599118001094083112162212261291
metric9051180010974119148177198238
shows1158118001093583132197231
that1405118001092978120149
4,4341569118001094563109152198
metric17821180010974118148177198237
tons343132001093079129165
of527132001094976
CO26221320010953112732138006427
lead778132001092167111162
to959132001093079
one1058132001094999145
excess1223132001094588127172208243
death,1486132001095196140169219238
current1744132001094090119150195245275
healthcare343146001094994136157186234274317346390
emissions7481460010944118138173207227276325359
could1122146001094087136157207
be1344146001095095
associated1454146001094377112161201221263292335386
with1855146001096586115164
approximately343160001094395147177226267289364408437482504547
550,000910160001094690136154201249297
excess1227160001094588127172208243
deaths1490160001095196140170220255
(5).176516000109257094111
For1896160001094493123
Europe343174001094493123173225272
alone,640174001094465116166212231
Chen‑Xu8961740010953103149200229279326
et1248174001094576
al.134917400109446585
estimated1459174001094682113134210253283328380
that1865174001093080124154
healthcare‑related343188001095096139161191241282326355401431462507529572602647699
emissions10631880010946121142178213234284335370
would14551880010966115165187238
result1715188001092974110160181211
in1948188001092171
approximately343202001094394145175224265287361404434478500542
365,047901202001094692136154200248291
DALYs12072020010960113155196227
and1450202001094393143
25.61609202001094692110156
billion178420200109517394115135185235
euros343216001094596126176212
in581216001092171
healthcare678216001095097141162193243284329359404
costs,1108216001094190126157194214
assuming1348216001094379115165241262313364
that1738216001093080124154
no19182160010950101
significant343230001093657108159180207231272316367396
changes765230001094191135185236282318
occur1109230001095091131181211
and1346230001094394146
based1517230001095296132178230
on17732300010950101
current1899230001094191343244001092959104154183
underlying542244001094999150195225247289311361411
expectations969244001094587139185226258302331352401452487
(4).147124400109266993110
In1596244001092272
addition,1684244001094394145166195216266316335
projections343258001095181131153198240272293343393429
suggest794258001093585135186232268299
that1115258001093080123153
without1290258001096688118168218268298
immediate1611258001092196171217269290333363408
and343272001094393145
coordinated506272001094089140170221242292335365410462
action986272001094384116137187237
at1242272001094373
the1333272001093080126
systemic1477272001093579115146191266287328
level,1823272001092267110155177196
the343286001092978123
healthcare482286001094994136157187236276319348392
sector’s889286001093680121152200230250282
carbon1186286001094083112163213262
footprint1464286001092574124153203233254303332
could1811286001094088137158208
triple34330000109305980130152197
by555300001095193
2050663300001094691136181
(6).85930000109267093110
In984300001092171
light107030000109214292141170
of1256300001094975
these1346300001093079124160205
trends,1566300001093059103153204238257
transitioning183930000109295810215134331400109365787108158208229279330
toward690314001093079145189218269
and976314001094393145
investing1138314001092171113157193224245295346
in1501314001092171
sustainable1589314001093685121151196217267310362384430
and343328001094494146
climate-resilient51532800109416284159204234279310341386423444466487533584614
healthcare1155328001095096140162193243284329359405
thus1586328001093080130166
seems1778328001093682129205241
necessary343342001095096138183219255300329375
because744342001095198140184234270316
such1085342001093686127177
investments1288342001092172114159195226302348399429466
would17793420010967116167188240
eliminate34335600109456788163185235278308353
or713356001095080
at811356001094373
least902356001092166110146176
reduce1096356001093075127176217262
the1376356001092979125
expenditures1519356001094588140186237288309339389419464500
to343370001093079
address444370001094395146175221257292
the758370001093080126
consequences.906370001094089139175220272322368418459503539559
Steps1487370001094473118169205
towards1714370001093079145189218269305
sustainable343384001093788125157203225277322375398446
healthcare816384001095198144166197249292337368415
are1258384001094575122
therefore1407384001093182130161208236288319366
inevitable.1800384001092173121166189343398001093074126148193212
Support3434230014356118184251316352393
in765423001432589
developing8834230014365123177235260324391416480546
sustainable14584230014344107150189244268332386452478536
healthcare3434370014364123176201238302356411446503
and8754370014355118184
“green”1088437001433596131188248312345
trials146243700143377398152177220
One4834540010962113159
of663454001094976
the759454001093080126
strategic90645400109356696140170214266287328
frameworks1255454001092656100176221288337367410448
guiding17244540010950100121172194244295
this343468001093080101137
change505468001094191135185236282
is813468001092157
the895468001093080127
Net10474680010960106137
Zero1209468001095095125175
Initiative.141046800109217293123145188218239283328347
Under17824680010959109161206237
this34348200109297999134
commitment,492482001094088163237258287362407457485504
the1012482001092979124
participants1151482001095194123155176216236287330380409445
pledged1611482001095173118169219264315
to1941482001093078
reduce343496001092973124172212256
their614496001092978123144173
emissions8024960010944118139173208228277326361
by1178496001095092
45%1285496001094589158
by1458496001095091
20301564496001094691135180
and1759496001094392142
reach1916496001092973343510001094384134
net493510001095096126
zero635510001093984114163
by814510001095294
2050.924510001094692137183201
The1142510001094495141
concept1299510001094089140180225276307
of1622510001094976
net1714510001095095126
zero1856510001093984114163
denotes343524001095095144193223266302
a6605240010943
state718524001093565109138181
in915524001092170
which10005240010965115136175224
residual1240524001092973108128179227270291
anthropogenic1546524001094392121170199247298348398443343538001095071112
emissions4795380010945121142178213234284334370
should873538001093686136186207259
be1156538001095298
minimized1279538001097596146167242264303348400
to1704538001092978
levels1807538001092167110155177212
that343552001093080123153
can519552001094084134
be676552001095198
absorbed797552001094394130180210262308360
by1180552001095194
nature.1296552001095094124173203248267
Thereby1586552001094495141171216268310
no19195520010950100
added343566001094394144189241
CO25995660010952111707572006427
will750566001096687108129
accumulate894566001094383123172246295316359388432
in1342566001092170
the1428566001092979124
atmosphere1567566001094373147197232282332377407452
and343580001094495148
keep517580001094389136189
global732580001095174125178223245
warming10045800010967112142220242293345
to1375580001093181
no14825800010951102
more16105800010977128159205
than1841580001093182126178
1.5343594001094660107
°C466594001092880
(corresponds561594001092562110139168213248298347397447482
to1058594001092977
the1151594001092978123
pre-industrial1289594001095080124153175224274323358388416437480501
level);1805594001092165108151173197214
all34360800109436484
in443608001092069
accordance528608001094382121169198248291340380424
with967608001096586116165
the1147608001093079123
Paris1286608001094789118139173
Agreement.14756080010954103132176221296341390419438
As1928608001095591
of343622001094975
now,434622001094998164179
139628622001094686130
out774622001094998128
of917622001094975
1991008622001094686133
countries1156622001094088137187216245266311347
have1518622001095093134178
formally1712622001092675104179222243264307
joined34363600109227293143189241
the603636001093080126
net748636001095095126
zero893636001093984114163
programme1075636001095282131182212256331407453
(7,154763600109257181
8).164763600109467188
Parallel483650001094993123169191213259282
to792650001093080
the899650001093081128
above-mentioned1054650001094497149193238270348395447477499550602649702
policy17826500010952104127149191237
commitment,343664001094088163237258287362407456485504
a8636640010943
number921664001095099173224269299
of1235664001094975
initiatives132666400109217091120141183213233276320356
aimed1697664001094364138183234
at1947664001094372
accelerating343678001094384124168190236266310339361411462
sustainability829678001093685120151196217267310362383405426456501
within1354678001096788119169190240
healthcare1618678001095096139161191241282326355401
are343692001094371116
currently474692001093988117146190239268288330
being820692001095095116165215
established.1050692001094479109152203224244279327372423441
Within1506692001097597126175195244
the1765692001092978123
EU,19036920010944100116
the343706001093081127
primary496706001095182104179224254300
driver821706001095282103148193223
supporting1070706001093686138190241272305326377428
environmentally152470600109459613916119124129236841446534372000109307698121165
conscious535720001094191143180222244295347383
research945720001093077114161206237278330
is1301720001092258
Horizon13867200010960112143166206257309
Europe.1721720001094696127177231279298
Horizon3437340010960114146169211263316
Europe695734001094697129181235285
programme1015734001095385138192224270349428476
(2021–2027),1527734001092674122169214258303352398445473492
encompassing3437480010946101145197277332380419458481535590
both9807480010953107140194
the1221748001093185134
preceding1403748001095286134179227283307360415
and1866748001094498153
forthcoming343762001092779110144196239289367390442495
programmes,865762001095284135188219265343421468506526
financially1418762001092752104150202244266311334356401
supports1846762001093688141343776001095099128160195
climate-neutral55377600109395979152195223266295345389438467495538558
research1126776001092972107151194222261309
and1450776001094291140
innovation.1605776001092069117166207250278298347395414
Specifically,213862001094496142183205231255296340361383426440
the260362001093080126
following27546200109267698119169235257307358
three313762001092979109154200
projects336262001095182131153198240272309
are369662001094373118
centred213876001094186137167197243295
on2459760010950101
the258676001093081127
development273976001095298142187209260312389435487517
of328176001095077
carbon-neutral338476001094186116168219271300352399213890001095183115161184
and235590001094497151
sustainable253890001093789126159206229281327381405453
healthcare3023900010952100146169201253296343374422
systems:347790001093783121154201280317337
Caring2138104001095197127148197245
Nature,2405104001095710513418221225326581040010919
KitNewCare,27031040010947699715419626131336038943031321040010919
and3177104001094495147
NetZeroAICT3350104001095899129178218247295347368419464
(9,213811800109267086
10).2243118001094688113130
The22781320010946100148
Caring24641320010951100131153204254
Nature27491320010959109139189220262
project3048132001095385137161209253288
focuses3373132001092779123176214262300
on37101320010951104
developing2138146001095197141186208258311333383434
ten2598146001093075126
innovative2750146001092172122172216260290311356401
solutions3176146001093687109159190211261312348
aiming3550146001094365140162213264
to2138160001093079
reduce2240160001092974126176217261
non-supply25241600010950100150180216265317368390434
chain2980160001094191134155205
greenhouse3208160001095180125172222272322372408454
gas3684160001095194130
emissions21381740010945119139174209229278327362
in2515174001092170
the2600174001092978123
healthcare2738174001095095137158187236276319348392
sector,3146174001093580120152200229243
such3404174001093684124173
as3592174001094378
optimized36851740010949992138188001093051126147186232284
heating,2438188001095096140169190240291310
ventilation,2765188001094488139168189210254284305355405424
air-conditioning320618800109436494119162211262313334364385435486507557608
and2138202001094393145
electricity2304202001094668113155187216238279300330375
systems,2701202001093579115146190266301321
expanded3043202001094588140185235286332384
telemedicine,3448202001093075971422182643163372138216001094061111157176
and2339216001094393145
reduced2509216001092974126176217261313
medical28472160010975121173194235279301
waste.31732160010966110145176221240
Eleven3438216001094465111154199249
EU37122160010945102
countries,2138230001094089139189219248270316352371
but25342300010951101131
not26902300010950100130
Czechia,2845230001095293138180229251294313
are3183230001094373118
participating3326230001095195125158179219240292336366387437488
in2138244001092274
this2239244001093082104141
project2407244001095384136158206249283
(11).2717244001092670109129148
The2892244001094699146
KitNewCare306524400109487099158201267319367398440
project3532244001095384135158206249282
is2138258001092157
focused2221258001092677119169205252304
on25512580010950101
more26782580010976127157203
sustainable2907258001093686122153198220271315367389436
kidney3369258001094265117168214257
care3652258001094186116162
(12).2138272001092567107131148
NetZeroAICT2302272001095798126174213242289339360410454
applies2773272001094394146168188234269
artificial3058272001094473105126153176217238281302
intelligence3376272001092171100144166187208258304354395439
to2138286001093080
computed2244286001094190167219270301346399
tomography2669286001093080157208260290335387439481
with3176286001096789120170
digital3372286001095273125147177222244
contrast,36422860010941911422138300001093060105140172191
which23553000010967118139180231
enables2611300001094697141193215261298
to2934300001093080
limit3040300001092142118140170
contrast3236300001094190141171201245281312
media35743000010976122174196240
administration2138314001094497174196248270306338369414445467518570
to2734314001093181
patients2842314001095298128150197249279317
(13).3186314001092670111135153
In3366314001092273
addition,3466314001094497150172203225276328348
Horizon21383280010960112143165205256308
Europe2473328001094595126177230278
supports2778328001093687140193245276310348
five315332800109275197143
“green3322328001093382113159207259
pharmaceutical”3607328001095310515018021383420010977122165211262294316358404427461
projects,2626342001095284135158205248282320340
aimed2993342001094567144192246
at3265342001094576
developing3368342001095299144190213265318341393446
innovative2138356001092173124175219264294316361406
sustainable2570356001093787123155200222273318370393440
pharmaceutical30363560010952104148179256301342388439470492533578601
manufacturing3663356001097612121383700010950100126171212244293323345395446
processes,2603370001095182131172217253288334370389
with3012370001096688118168
total3200370001093079109153174
funds3394370001092677127178214
of3628370001094976
353723370001094691
million2138384001097596118139160210260
euros2417384001094696125175210
(9).264638400109267094111
Although2278398001095678108159210261312363
none26673980010951102153200
of2893398001095077
the2996398001093081127
initiatives314939800109227294125146190221242287332369
or3544398001095080
projects36503980010952831332138412001092267109141178
directly2339412001095072101146188220241284
targets2646412001093074104154200230267
sustainability2936412001093685120151196217267310362383405426456501
in3460412001092171
clinical355441200109406182133154194238260
research,2138426001092973108152195224263311330
it2483426001092050
can2548426001093982131
be2694426001095196
assumed2805426001094277111160233278329
that3149426001092978120149
changes3313426001093988130179229273308
from3636426001092656104178
sustainable2138440001093788126158205228280326380403451
clinical262044000109426487139162205251274
practice2925440001095385131174207230273319
will3275440001096992115137
influence3443440001092275103128180228281324371
research2138454001093077114161206237279330
processes,2495454001095283134177223260297344381402
too,2923454001093181133152
given3102454001095174119165217
the3346454001093082129
interdependence35024540010921731031501812332802138468001095198149200246297338382
between2546468001095198128197242289339
healthcare2911468001095096140161191242283327357402
delivery3338468001095197119140184229259305
and3669468001094393145
clinical213848200109426486139161203250272
research.2438482001093178116163209240282334355
Advances28214820010957109155201253296343380
in3229482001092274
one33314820010951104152
domain35114820010952104183228251303
can2138496001094084135
be2289496001095298
expected2404496001094588140186228260304356
to2777496001093079
propagate2873496001095181130182227277321351395
into3285496001092171101150
the3452496001092979125
other,3594496001094979129175205220
facilitating2138510001092773115137160182213259290312364417
broader2581510001095384136181234282313
transformation2921510001093061107159195224276307385430461483535587
toward3535510001093182150195226279
environmentally2138524001094596138160189239289364410461490534556577620
responsible2777524001093075111162213263298319371393438
healthcare.3235524001095095139160190240281325355400419
Sustainability21385490014762130181224286317386448518550581612654718
in28835490014731100
clinical3010549001475485116185216270332363
trials3401549001474285116177208258
Clinical227856600109527393143164204248269
trials256256600109305981123145179
represent2757566001092974125155200235281331360
a31325660010944
complex,3191566001094089164215236281324344
resource-intensive35515660010929741091592082382138580001094083113135184212256306340360403447
component2600580001094088162213262312357406435
of3050580001094975
healthcare3140580001094994137158187236276319348392
and3547580001094392143
clinical3705580001094060812138594001094969108151171
research.2324594001092872107151193221260309327
Their2665594001094494138158187
environmental2866594001094493134155183231280353397446474517537
impact3418594001092094143186225256
has3689594001094991125
only21386080010949100121164
recently2318608001092974115160210239260303
begun2637608001095197149198248
to2901608001093079
be2996608001095197
systematically3109608001093579114145190265308338359399443464486528
examined.36536080010945881322138622001097596146192244263
Specifically,2422622001094495142183204231255295340361382425440
next2882622001095096139172
year3074622001094287131160
marks32556220010975119148191229
203505622001094691
years3617622001094287130160197
since2138636001093657107148192
one23556360010950100146
of2526636001095076
the2627636001093080126
first277863600109265080116147
analyses2950636001094494137159202238284320
of3295636001094976
the3396636001093080125
carbon3547636001094084114165216267
footprint2138650001092676127157208238260310339
of2500650001094976
clinical259865000109406283133154194238260
trials288065000109306081125146181
was30846500010966110146
published.32526500010951101153175196231281327379398
The3672650001094596142
Sustainable2138664001094186118145189209256302348368407
Trials255866400109426584130150181
Study2752664001094166112158197
Group2962664001095583128174220
highlighted3197664001094969118167187207256305333376426
early3637664001094587115136177
that2138678001093080123153
clinical231767800109406182132153194238260
trials260267800109306081125146182
contribute2809678001094089140169199221272322353397
substantially3232678001093585136172203247298327348392413434477
to3735678001093079
greenhouse2138692001095181126173224275325376412458
gas2622692001095195131
emissions27796920010945121143179215236286337373
and3178692001094494146
emphasized33506920010945122174225269305326365411464
the2138706001093080126
need2287706001095096142194
for2505706001092676106
simpler2635706001093556131183205251280
and2939706001094494145
more31087060010975125155200
efficient3332706001094572101125166187232283312
trial366870600109306081124146
designs21387200010952100138160213265302
and2468720001094597150
processes2646720001095385136180226264301349386
(14).3060720001092771114140158
More32467200010974127158205
recently,3479720001093178121168220251274319335
according2138734001094384124172202253274324375
to2529734001093079
Sustainable2625734001094289122150195216264311359380421
Healthcare3060734001095697145165193241279325354395
Coalition,346873400109509614416418521323328032937967340010919
an2138748001094394
average2257748001094386131161205256301
clinical258474800109406283133154195239260
trial287074800109305981125146
that3041748001093080124154
is3220748001092157
registered3302748001092975126148183214259289334386
on37137480010950101
clinicaltrials.gov213876200109416486137159202247270301332354399422458479531583627
may27927620010977122165
generate2984762001095199151198229275306352
27.53363762001094793104154
million3544762001097799122144166217270
tons2138776001093078128163
of2317776001094975
CO2240877600109521112517782006427
emissions,25607760010945120141176211232281331366385
with2961776001096687117166
an3143776001094393
estimated3252776001094480110131206249278323374
total3642776001093078108152173
annual393462001094393142191234256
emission4205620010945120141176211232281331
from455262001092656105180
all47486200109436485
active484962001094383115135179223
trials50886200109295880123144179
reaching528262001093074117158207228277328
as393476001094481
much4042760010977128171223
as429176001094582
100439976001094892141
million456776001097799122144166218270
tons486476001093081133170
(15,506176001092669112130
16).521876001094791116134
These537976001094598146183230
findings,393490001092751102154175226278314333
though429390001093081132183234285
still46049000109366789111132
estimates,476290001094682114135211256286331368387
underscore5175900010950101153200230267309358389435
the3934104001093081128
urgency4089104001095081132179231272319
of4434104001095077
incorporating4538104001092172114164195248300331376406428479531
sustainability5096104001093687123155200222273318370393415436467514
principles3934118001095181103153194215266288334370
into4323118001092171101150
trial449211800109305981124146
methodology.46571180010975121151201251303353375425476520535
How39341430014376140226
to4189143001433799
define43171430014365124153182245304
a46501430014354
“green”4733143001433597131188248312346
clinical3934157001435478103166191244299324
trial?428715700143377398152177220
Even4074174001094691138192
though4302174001093184136189243296
no46351740010951104
universally47761740010951104127173220253292339362385431
accepted5244174001094487130177231264311366
definition3934188001095196123147197219249270320370
of4327188001094975
a44251880010943
sustainable4491188001093585120151195216267310362384429
or4943188001094979
“green”5045188001093179109154200251282
clinical535018800109406182132153194238260
trial393420200109305980124145
exists,4095202001094587109144174211230
it4341202001092151
can4408202001094084134
be4558202001095197
basically4671202001095195130151191235256277320
characterized5007202001094089133162206246278322352374412457509
as5532202001094378
a39342160010944
clinical400421600109416384135157198243265
trial429521600109306183127149
that4470216001093081125156
systematically4652216001093680117148194271315345367408453475497541
minimizes5219216001097698149170247269308354391
or3934230001094979
at4034230001094473
least4128230001092267111146177
considers4326230001094189140175196247293323359
environmental4706230001094696138160190239290365411461491535556
harms5283230001095094123199234
in5538230001092272
each3934244001094589129179
phase41312440010952102146181227
of4376244001095076
its447024400109215288
design4576244001095197133154205255
and4849244001094393145
execution5012244001094588132174223254275324375
while54052440010966117138159205
ensuring3934258001094699135186217240292344
participants’4305258001095399130164186228250303349401432470490
safety4822258001093682110157189236
and5085258001094496149
scientific5261258001093779101148201231254282307349
data3934272001095092121164
integrity.411327200109217099142192221242271315330
Given4458272001095778121164214
the4687272001092978122
substantial4824272001093684134169199242291319339382402
heterogeneity52412720010950941241671962452953393934286001095096117147192
among41432860010943118168218269
clinical442828600109416283133154194239260
trials,470428600109305981124146181200
there4920286001093080126156201
are5137286001094373118
currently5271286001094090120150195245275296339
no39343000010951103
established4065300001094684116162216239261298350398452
emission45443000010947125147184222244296348
thresholds4919300001093183114161199251303326380417
set5363300001093684116
on55063000010951104
average3934314001094386130160204255301
appropriate/ideal4252314001094395147177226278308330373403447479501552598642663
emissions,49323140010946121142178213234284335370389
or5339314001094979
total5435314001093079109153175
or3934328001094978
percentages4028328001095096125165209258287331381426461
of4505328001094874
emission45953280010945119140174209230279329
reduction.4939328001092974125173214245266315365383
The5338328001094494139
current54933280010940893934342001092960105155185
efforts4135342001094573102152182215252
thus4403342001093080130165
focus4585342001092676117167202
on48043420010949100
evaluating4921342001094588132153203246276297347398
various5336342001094387117138188238274
mitigation3934356001097596127148198242272293343393
strategies435235600109356696140170214266287333368
to4745356001093079
determine4849356001095096127171201277298348394
the5268356001093080125
most54183560010975125161192
effective3934370001094675105153196229251297343
interventions4304370001092173104150181229276328359381432485521
yielding4852370001094467114137190212264317
the5196370001093082129
lowest5352370001092274142188226258
possible39343840010951102138173194246268313
carbon4271384001094084114166216267
footprint4561384001092777127157208238260310340
while49243840010966117138159205
maintaining51533840010975118140190219263285335356406457
operational39343980010949101148178222251272322373416438
feasibility.4391398001092672115151172223245266287317362378
Important39344230014325122186251285325379442476
steps4436423001434583138202246
in4708423001432588
development48224230014366123176232256319384482539602636
of3934437001436494
“green”4055437001433595129184243306338
clinical4419437001435478101163186239293316
trial,476243700143377196148172190
digitization4979437001436588152176212236283338373396459522
and39344510014354117182
decentralization41424510014365123176231294328363417441464511566601624687751
of4919451001436495
clinical5040451001435477100163186238292316
trials538245100143387296148172214
The40744680010946100149
prerequisite4262468001095285133165213268321344382405437485
for4786468001092779112
effective4937468001094675107156200234258304352
carbon5327468001094289121176229283
footprint3934482001092676127157208238260310339
reduction4292482001092974126176217249270320370
is,468048200109215776
first477448200109275180117148
and4940482001094393145
foremost,5103482001092676106151227277313344363
the5484482001093080126
measurement39344960010975121165200249279324400446496526
of4483496001094976
emissions.45814960010945121142178213234284335370389
Quantitative49934960010962113156206236257287331361382426470
data54864960010951953934510001093075
allow403551000109446688139206
researchers4267510001093076112159203233274325372402439
to4733510001093080
identify4839510001092173120171201223250297
preferential5162510001095282128156202233279330360382426448
and3934524001094393145
high-impact4103524001095071122172201223299350394435467
areas,4594524001094473118162198217
and4835524001094394145
to5004524001093079
prioritize5107524001095181103153183204234255294340
evidence-based54715240010945881103934538001095299152194240272326372409457511
mitigation4472538001097799130153205251281304355408
strategies.490753800109366899145176222276298345383403
Energy5337538001094697144176228273
consumption3934552001094089140175224299351381402452502
in4461552001092272
research4558552001092974110156200229269319
facilities,4902552001092771112133154175205226272308327
travelling5254552001093060104146191213234255305356
and3934566001094392142
distribution,4091566001095070104134163184234283312333381431449
and4555566001094391142
inefficiencies4712566001092069114140169192231252296345385405450485
in5212566001092069
protocol5296566001095180128157205245293314
design3934580001095094129149198247
(that4195580001092552101143171
can,4381580001094082131149
for4545580001092674103
example,4663580001094485128201251272316333
increase5011580001092169109137181223258302
staffing5328580001093564107133161184233282
needs)3934594001095096142194229252
were42055940010966111141186
expected4409594001094588140187228260305357
to4784594001093079
be4882594001095197
the4998594001092979125
most51425940010975125160191
significant53525940010935561071571782052293934608001094084135164
contributors4119608001094089139169198220271322352401431468
and4607608001094494145
should4773608001093685135186207258
thus5052608001093080129165
play5238608001095173116158
a54176080010943
key5481608001094286129
role3934622001092979101147
in4102622001092171
the4194622001093080126
strategies434162200109366796141170215266288333369
of4731622001095076
reducing4829622001092974126176217238288339
CO2518962200109521125299628006427
emissions.5347622001094512114217721323439346360010950102138158
This4118636001094698120156
was43006360010967112149
confirmed4475636001094191142170194224302349402
by4903636001095295
the5024636001093182129
Sustainable5179636001094390124153200221270319367389431
Trials393465000109436889137158192
Study4149650001094270118167208
Group4380650001095686134183231
(14).4638650001092669111136154
To4818650001094590
support4935650001093686139192243274308
emission52696500010946123145181217239290341
estimation,3934664001094582113134210254283305355406425
the4385664001093080126
National45376640010959104134155205256300322
Institute4884664001092272108139160191241271316
for5226664001092677107
Health53596640010959105149170201251
and3934678001094392142
Care4092678001095194123168
Research4275678001094893128173216244284333
(NIHR),4623678001092583104163211235252
in4890678001092170
cooperation4975678001094088138188234263306335356405454
with5445678001096586116165
the3934692001093080126
industry4079692001092169116164197225254296
Low-Carbon4391692001094086150178231278307354402450
Clinical485769200109507192140160198245266
Trials513969200109426687134155188
(iLCCT)534569200109264689139189237265
consortium,3934706001094192144181233264298321372450470
has4431706001095197134
developed45917060010953100145191214266320368422
and5040706001094496150
published52177060010952104158181203240292339393
a39347200010943
carbon3993720001094084113164214264
calculator4273720001094084105145195216259288337366
–46557200010945
available4716720001094385128149170213264286331
on5063720001094999
the5178720001092979124
website53187200010966110161197218247292
https://clinicaltrialcarbon.org/3934734001094978109159194212243268304324345393414453496517546575596638658698741770820870919938986101510641095
(17–19).5044734001092667105146186226249266
The5325734001094494138
calculator54787340010940831043934748001094090111154184232262
provides4212748001095181130173195246291327
approximate4555748001094394146176225266288362406435480
assessments5051748001094378114159195231305351401430467
of5534748001094976
the3934762001092978123
carbon4072762001094083112162212261
footprint4348762001092675124154204233254303332
based4695762001095093128173224
on4934762001094898
the5047762001092978123
trial518576200109295879122142
design.5342762001095095130150200249268
While39347760010976127148169215
the4167776001093080126
calculator4311776001094084106146196218261291340370
captures4699776001094084136166216245290326
carbon5044776001094084114165216267
output,5329776001094999130181231261281